Spain is widely regarded as a renewables success story: the rapid roll‑out of solar and wind has pushed wholesale prices well below the EU average and reduced the country’s exposure to volatile gas markets. But the speed of this deployment has also driven up grid costs and led to output integration problems, as last year’s blackout demonstrated.

Reporting by Pablo Bronte, Editor Iberia, Montel News. Contributor: Carlos Torres, head of power at Rystad Energy.